Significance and Motivation for Domestic Gardening:

Domestic gardening will bring changes over time and shaped personal interest and needs, sociological status, cultural background and external factors including global changes such as economic and environmental disasters.

The main motivations and awareness for gardening are as follows:

· The main motivation of the project is the view at the yeswanthpur junction in Bangalore.

Food production and sovereignty:

Mixed crop livestock gardening will promote to seek self-produced, good quality and affordable food for domestic purpose.

Psychological and Physical health:

The domestic garden is seen as place to take rest and it will help to be fit by physical health. Someone comes home from work, he feels tired and stressed one by that time he can take rest just lie down on the grass and he will be experience a completely different world.

Contributing to environmental, political and economic life:

Residential free space as a source of collective empowerment will be helping to bringing life to vacant space in home.

Uniting socio cultural relations:

Gardens are strengthening to each other ties and enhance social cohesion within the neighbourhood. It will help to connecting the people.

These are main factors which will helps to create awareness and motivation to people who are ready to planning the domestic gardening for mixed crop livestock.

Methods:

Backyard gardening:

A backyard gardening is part of domestic residential garden, which is located at rear of a house. These type of gardens have a special place in gardening culture.

Vertical gardening:

Vertical garden is a garden that grows upward or vertically by using some support system like grilling and trellis, rather than on the ground or horizontally.

Roof-top gardening:

Roof top garden is a garden on the roof of the building. Besides the decorative on the top of terrace, architectural enhancement, roof planting may provide mixed crop livestock, controls temperature of the top, recreational opportunities and ecological benefits.

1.2 Motivation for this project:

Gardening is appreciated for its calming and peaceful activity. Growing vegetables and fruits at home leads to a healthier diet. The main focus of the project was to encourage people to effectively utilise the available space at their homes and set up a garden that will enable them to grow some good quality vegetables and fruits in their own backyard, roof top and containers that will benefit them in various ways.

The main motivation of this project is the view of vertical gardening at the yeswanthpur junction.We wanted people to connect better with the earth and their own living environment. Gardening offers a sense of calmness and adds beauty to the backyard and house.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY:

According to MedagamThirupathy Reddy and someswararaopandravada[11],home gardening is a still present across the country but it is decreasing eventually with the improvement in infrastructural facilities in cultivation of commercial crops. The study aimed at different characteristics in backyard gardening in Okra. Preliminary database survey, preliminary baseline survey and systematic field survey was conducted. Tribal communities have to take up leadership through self-help groups and community-based institutions in undertaking activities following a strategy focusing on cultivation, consumption, conservation and commerce, all with the aim of fostering conservation and sustainable use of native cultivars of okra.A systematic effort is needed to improve the conservation and availability of indigenous landraces of okra for use in plant breeding. The study focuses only on the specific area in India.

According to Levasseur[6], 60% of all the vegetables consumed in the city are produced in urban area. In spite of the multiple benefits, many concerns continue to be raised about the quality of vegetables produced in and around the cities.

Isabelle Anguelovski, Jordi Oliver-Sola, Juan Ignacio Montero and Joan Rieradevall [13] proposed that, in the developing global trends, urban agriculture is adapted throughout Barcelona, mainly as a response to the present financial crisis that has led to the creation of vacant plots of land as a result of collapse in construction sector. Hence urban agriculture has become most important. This paper focuses on Rooftop Farming (open-air) (RF) and Rooftop Greenhouses (Protected) (RTGs), which all come under the umbrella term “Urban Rooftop Farming”. Both systems are placed on rooftops and devoted to horticulture through different technologies. This study examines the promotion and inclusion of new forms of urban agriculture through the practice of urban rooftop farming and contributes to the nascent literature on the stakeholder and public perceptions of urban agriculture. The study conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 participants. Participants represented the breadth of stakeholders’ groups identified in the previous section and were chosen with the aim of understanding their experiences, points of views, and visions. URF can be a very useful way towards initiatives for food production that aim at closing cycles. There have been enough community activities for social and educational purposes and, maybe, it is time to change to a real productive UA (Urban garden user).

M.C. Salasa, M.M. Verdejo, J.L. Valenzuela and J.L. Montero[12] proposed that the growth of plants in hydroponic gardens with inert substrate like Rockwool or without substrates, requires a special and precise control of the nutrient solution

According to Lim Yinghui Astee and Dr. Nirmal T. Kishnani[1], the growth in urbanisation and population has led to challenges like food security and carbon food print. Lim Yinghui examines the possibilities of rooftop farming in urban cities in Singapore and its challenges. Lim Yinghui and Nirmal T Kishnani describes that , the housing estates are suitable for rooftop farming. They believe that the result of this implementation would be 700% increase in domestic vegetable production, decease in food imports and carbon footprints.The framework of sustainability to understand the role of ZFarming in future urban food production and to review the major benefits and limitations. The analysis shows that ZFarming has multiple functions and produces a range of non-food and non-market goods that may have positive impacts on the urban setting [9]

According to Richard L Hindle, journal: Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes[5], the union of horticulture is redefined the innovation in the field of horticulture. The trajectory of vegetation-bearing architecture from botanical brick, to cellular structure, to veneer as articulated by White, MacPherson, and Gates is indicative of innovations occurring in the field today, and is reminiscent of the transformations in building technology from the stereotaxic to the tectonic as described by Kenneth Frampton and Gottfried Semper. According to Richard, this transformation establishes a valuable historical content for contemporary vegetation-bearing architectonic structures of any buildable size, shape or height, who’s visible or exposed surfaces may present a permanently growing covering of vegetation. The impact of sky gardens and its development has reached little attention in major cities [16].

Isabelle Anguelovski, Jordi Oliver-Sola, Juan Ignacio Montero and Joan Rieradevall [13] proposed that, in the developing global trends, urban agriculture is adapted throughout Barcelona, mainly as a response to the present financial crisis that has led to the creation of vacant plots of land as a result of collapse in construction sector. Hence urban agriculture has become most important. This paper focuses on Rooftop Farming (open-air) (RF) and Rooftop Greenhouses (Protected) (RTGs), which all come under the umbrella term “Urban Rooftop Farming”. The impact of urban agriculture on the urban environment arouses interest from environments, authorities and the public not only because the effects are clearly visible, but also because its implementation is unplanned and uncontrolled. The positive impact of urban agriculture is photosynthetic activity in plants, which consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. Having more green plants in urban environment has positive impact on people’s health [6].

3. OBJECTIVES:

· To identify the factors influencing efficient use of domestic land for mixed crop livestock

· To study the resource utilization of gardening in the selected locations

· To analyse the environment and economic impact of gardening in the selected locations

· To suggest suitable suggestion and recommendation for effective resource use efficiency of gardening

4. METHODS AND METHODOLOGY:

An empirical research method was adopted for this study and survey has been conducted through primary and secondary data. Primary data is being collected through questionnaire and face to face interview of 128 respondents in Bangalore city respondents, which is related to demographic profile, resource urination, environment and economic impact, awareness and motivation and resource use efficiency of land. Secondary data has been collected through highly impact scholar journals. SPPSS too has been used to analyse the data collected.

5. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:

Fig.2 Conceptual Framework

6. RESEARCH DESIGN:

The survey was conducted at targeted areas such as Sanjay Nagar, RT Nagar, KGE Layout, Dollar’s Colony, Kalyan Nagar and HRBR Layout. The total sample size derived through the survey was 128 respondents and Simple Random Sampling method was adopted. SPSS tool was used to check the validity and reliability of the data collected. The analysis carried in this study included Chi-square tests, reliability tests, KMO tests and hypothesis tests.

7. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION:

7.1 Demographic profile:

ypes of gardening:

This pie chart represents various type of gardening such as backyard gardening, corridor gardening, rooftop gardening, vertical gardening and other.

Fig. 3 Pie Chart on Garden Type

In the survey different gardening methods, we found in various location of Bangalore among them 38% had corridor gardening, 36% had rooftop, 20% had backyard gardening, 3% of vertical gardening and 3% had other type of gardening method.

7.2 Interpretation of people who are willing to conduct awareness program:

The bar graph represents the comparison between location and awareness program for localities for implementing of home gardening.

(1= Strongly Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3= Neutral, 4= Agree, 5= Strongly Disagree)

Fig.4 Bar Graph of Location and Awareness program

Bar graph of Location and Awareness program:

From the above graph the following can be noticed.

· It is clear that majority of people from all localities have agreed that they are willing to organise awareness program for the localities for implementation of home gardening.

· 6 people from KGE Layout, 6 people from Sanjay Nagar, 4 people from Dollars colony and 2 from RT Nagar have marked neutral.

· 2 people from Sanjay Nagar and 1 from KGE Layout have disagreed.

8. DATA ANALYSIS:

8.1Cronbach's Alpha test or Reliability test:

The measure of reliability is done by Cronbach’s Alpha. Alpha is actually the lower bound for the true reliability of the survey. The computation of Cronbach’s Alpha is based on the total number of items and the ratio of average inter-item covariance to the average item variance. The value of 0.851 reported is the estimate of true alpha, which in turn is lower bound for true reliability. Reliability can further be confirmed by calculating the Cronbach’s Alpha each time by deleting one item from the actual statements.

Cronbach's Alpha does not change appreciably and remains above 0.8 throughout. This confirms that respondent's responses are consistent and reliable.

8.2 KMO Test (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) or validity test:

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy is a statistic that specifies the proposition of variance in your variables that might occur by primary factors. Generally, the high values close to 1.0 specifies that a factor analysis may be effective with your data. For the values, which are less than 0.5, the factor analysis may not be favourable. Bartlett’s sphericity tests the hypothesis that your correlation matrix is an identity matrix, which would specify that your variables are irrelevant and hence unsuitable for structure detection. Values less than 0.05 of the significance level specifies that a factors may be favourable with your data.

KMO tests produces values between 0 and 1. The thumb rule for interpretation of the statistics are:

The resulted values between 0.8 to 1 specifies that the collected data is adequate. The approximate chi square is 1006.976 and the degree of freedom is 210. The resulted values less than 0.6 specifies that the collected data is not adequate and that corrective action should be taken.

From the above table, the KMO value produced is 0.801, which is between 0.8 and 1 and hence proves that the sampling is adequate.

8.3 Hypothesis Development:

Based on the objectives of study we have developed three hypotheses namely Resource utilization, Environmental and Economic Impact and Awareness and Motivation, in order to measure if they havedirect and positive impact for effective utilization of resources for mixed crop livestock.

Table 1Hypothesis Test 1 on Resource Utilization

	Value	DF	Significance
Pearson Chi Square	28.460	16	0.028

· The P-value (0.028) is lesser than the significant level (0.05)

· we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis

Alternate Hypothesis:

Resource utilization has direct and positive impact for effective utilization of mixed crop live stock.

Table 2Hypothesis Test 2 on Environmental and Economic impact

	Value	DF	Significance
Pearson Chi Square	29.498	16	0.021

· The P-value (0.021) is lesser than the significant level (0.05)

· we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis

Alternate Hypothesis:

Environmental and economic factors has direct and positive impact for effective utilization of mixed crop live stock

Table 3Hypothesis Test 3 on for Awareness and motivation

	Value	DF	Significance
Pearson Chi Square	40.861	20	0.004

· The P-value (0.004) is lesser than the significant level (0.05)

· we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis

Alternate Hypothesis:

Awareness and motivation has direct and positive impact for effective utilization of mixed crop livestock.

Consolidation Table:

Table 8 Consolidation Table on Hypothesis

Objective	Alternate hypothesis	Results
Resource utillization	Resource utillization has direct and positive impact for effective utillization of mixed crop live stock	Accepted
Environmental and economical impact	Environmental and economic factors has direct and positive impact for effective utillization of mixed crop live stock	Accepted
Awareness and motivation	Awareness and motivation has direct and positive impact for effective utillization of mixed crop live stock	Accepted

9. FINDINGS:

· From the hypothesis developed, we can state that, residential type has a positive impact on water supply and time whereas location has negative impact on utilization of land.

· We can produce a statement that residential type has positive impact on saving money whereas location has negative impact on saving money.

· From the hypothesis 3, we can state that, location has positive impact on effective methods and information about fertilizers.

10. LIMITATION:

· The survey was conducted only in the specific locations of Bengaluru and hence the data may vary if conducted in other locations

· The project mainly targets the residents on the implementations of backyard, vertical and rooftop farming.

· The research can further be conducted for implementing vertical gardening in work and public places.

11. CONCLUSION:

Currently in the metropolitan city like Bangalore, most people are living in a stressful life meeting their daily routine. Bangalore, popularly known as garden city is now haunting people with traffic and pollution. People reside mostly in apartments and compact homes, lack space for any type of gardening. The main motivation of this project is the view of vertical gardening at the yeswanthpur junction. The objective of the project is to analyse how people of Bangalore are utilizing the available resources for home garden, the environmental and economic impact of having a home garden, and to evaluate people about their awareness about home gardening.

For this purpose, we prepared questionnaires and primary data collection was made through the survey in specific areas in Bangalore like KGE layout, Dollars Colony, Kaylan Nagar, HRBR Layout and RT Nagar. Total sample size of 128 is considered, out of which 44% were female and 56% were male. SAPSS tool is used for obtaining the results of Chi-Square test, KMO test and reliability test. Reliability and KMO test, confirms that the sample is adequate. Hypothesis test concludes that residential type has a positive impact on water supply, time and saving money. Location has positive impact on effective methods, information about fertilizers and a negative impact on utilization of land and saving money.

12. SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

The current scenario of our environment is depleting slowly due to various reasons such as deforestation and pollution of air, water, soil etc. It is our duty to protect the environment we live-in, all our little contribution will help to preserve our ecosystem.

· Every household can start up with any different type of gardening such as rooftop gardening, vertical gardening, backyard gardening, people who do not have sufficient place for gardening they can also opt for indoor plants like container gardening

· Localities who are already doing gardening can come together and conduct a small awareness program about gardening to educate people about the importance and benefits of gardening

· Due to consumption of junk foods on regular basis, we are risking our health, so we are suggesting people to go organic.

· Gardening is all about bringing nature to our home it will provide us fresh oxygen, organic vegetables and also beautifies our neighbourhood.

13. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

We would like to thank our college M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore for the opportunity provided in conducting this project. We would further thank Professor Dr. G DevKumar, Head of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development and the Head of Marketing Department for the constant support and encouragement in successful completion of this project.

14. CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

15. REFERENCES:

1. Astee, L.Y. and Kishnani, N.T., 2010. Building integrated agriculture: Utilising rooftops for sustainable food crop cultivation in Singapore. Journal of Green Building, 5(2), pp.105-113.

2. Blair, D., 2009. The child in the garden: An evaluative review of the benefits of school gardening. The Journal of Environmental Education, 40(2), pp.15-38.

3. Drescher, A.W., Holmer, R.J. and Iaquinta, D.L., 2006. Urban homegardens and allotment gardens for sustainable livelihoods: Management strategies and institutional environments. In Tropical homegardens pp. 317-338. Springer, Dordrecht.

4. Duchemin, E., Wegmuller, F. and Legault, A.M., 2008. Urban agriculture: multi-dimensional tools for social development in poor neighbourhoods. Field Actions Science Reports. The Journal of Field Actions, 1.

5. Hindle, R.L., 2012. A vertical garden: origins of the Vegetation-Bearing Architectonic Structure and System (1938). Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, 32(2), pp.99-110.

6. Howorth, C., Convery, I. and O'Keefe, P., 2001. Gardening to reduce hazard: urban agriculture in Tanzania. Land Degradation & Development, 12(3), pp.285-291.

7. Kouamé, C., Temple, L., Levasseur, V. and Pasquini, M.W., 2006, August. A review of urban and peri-urban vegetable production in West Africa. In XXVII International Horticultural Congress-IHC2006: International Symposium on Horticultural Plants in Urban and Peri-Urban 762 pp. 245-252.

8. McFarland, A., Waliczek, T.M., Etheredge, C. and Lillard, A.J.S., 2018. Understanding Motivations for Gardening Using a Qualitative General Inductive Approach. HortTechnology, 28(3), pp.289-295.

9. Ohmer, M.L., Meadowcroft, P., Freed, K. and Lewis, E., 2009. Community gardening and community development: Individual, social and community benefits of a community conservation program. Journal of Community Practice, 17(4), pp.377-399.

10. Opitz, I., Specht, K., Berges, R., Siebert, R. and Piorr, A., 2016. Toward sustainability: Novelties, areas of learning and innovation in urban agriculture. Sustainability, 8(4), p.356.

11. Park, S., Lee, A., Lee, K.S. and Son, K.C., 2014. Comparison of the metabolic costs of gardening and common physical activities in children. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 32(1), pp.123-128

12. Peters, K.A., 2010. Creating a sustainable urban agriculture revolution. J. Envtl. L. & Litig., 25, p.203.

13. Reddy, M.T., Pandravada, S.R., Sivaraj, Natarajan., Sunil, Neelam., Dikshit, Nilamani and Kamala, V.E.N.K., 2017. Backyard Farming of Okra (Abelmoschuses culentus L. Moench) in Traditional Agricultural Landscapes of Adilabad District, Telangana, India. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology, 6, pp.147-161.

14. Salas, M.C., Verdejo, M.M., Sánchez, A., Guzmán, M., Valenzuela, J.L. and Montero, J.L., 2010, August. Vertical gardening. Adaptation of hydroponic systems and ornamental species. In XXVIII International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People (IHC2010): International Symposium on 937 pp. 1153-1160.

15. Sanyé-Mengual, E., Anguelovski, I., Oliver-Solà, J., Montero, J.I. and Rieradevall, J., 2016. Resolving differing stakeholder perceptions of urban rooftop farming in Mediterranean cities: promoting food production as a driver for innovative forms of urban agriculture. Agriculture and human values, 33(1), pp.101-120.

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Received on 05.01.2019 Modified on 12.02.2019

Asian Journal of Management. 2019; 10(2):81-87.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5763.2019.00014.3

1.1 Introduction about Gardening:

1.2 Motivation for this project:

2. LITERATURE SURVEY:

3. OBJECTIVES:

8. DATA ANALYSIS:

8.1Cronbach's Alpha test or Reliability test:

8.2 KMO Test (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) or validity test:

9. FINDINGS:

· From the hypothesis developed, we can state that, residential type has a positive impact on water supply and time whereas location has negative impact on utilization of land.

12. SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: